BackgroundBiobanking biospecimens and consent are common practice in paediatric research. We need to explore children and young people’s (CYP) knowledge and perspectives around the use of and consent to biobanking. This will ensure meaningful informed consent can be obtained and improve current consent procedures.MethodsWe designed a survey, in co-production with CYP, collecting demographic data, views on biobanking, and consent using three scenarios: 1) prospective consent, 2) deferred consent, and 3) reconsent and assent at age of capacity. The survey was disseminated (...) via the Young Person’s Advisory Group North England (YPAGne) and participating CYP’s secondary schools. Data were analysed using a qualitative thematic approach by three independent reviewers (including CYP) to identify common themes. Data triangulation occurred independently by a fourth reviewer.ResultsOne hundred two CYP completed the survey. Most were between 16–18 years (63.7%, N = 65) and female (66.7%, N = 68). 72.3% had no prior knowledge of biobanking (N = 73).Acceptability of prospective consent for biobanking was high (91.2%, N = 93) with common themes: ‘altruism’, ‘potential benefits outweigh individual risk’, 'frugality', and ‘(in)convenience’.Deferred consent was also deemed acceptable in the large majority (84.3%, N = 86), with common themes: ‘altruism’, ‘body integrity’ and ‘sample frugality’. 76.5% preferred to reconsent when cognitively mature enough to give assent (N = 78), even if parental consent was previously in place. 79.2% wanted to be informed if their biobanked biospecimen is reused (N = 80).ConclusionProspective and deferred consent acceptability for biobanking is high among CYP in the UK. Altruism, frugality, body integrity, and privacy are the most important themes. Clear communication and justification are paramount to obtain consent. Any CYP with capacity should be part of the consenting procedure, if possible. (shrink)

Having as starting point Nietzsche's controversy with Pascal, this paper intends to demonstrate to what extent, and by what means, he is involved in a constant debate with Christianity. As the previous research of the author has demonstrated, Nietzsche occupied himself all his life with the figure of Jesus, who never ceased both to fascinate and to irritate him. Pascal, on the other hand, took as central point of his reflection Jesus' salvific mediation. The confrontation of the two ways (...) of thinking, thus, will contribute to the mutual clarification of their positions. The paper sheds a special light on both the moral and non-moral option of the two thinkers, who precisely in the radicality of their thinking show traits of a certain similitude, although in the prosecution of their objectives each one represents diametriccally opposed worlds. Nietzsche, in fact, debated intensely not only with Pascal's Christian character but also with his apology of the Christian faith. To Nietzsche the apologist of Christianity became, as such, vulnerable to the temptation of denying Man, Nature and History. His admirable faith in Christ, to which equally belong non-moral moments, remains, according to Nietzsche, within the horizon of moral ontology. The article shows, in other words, to what extent, after all, Pascal anticipated much more than he himself dared to understand. /// Tomando como ponto de partida a sua controvérsia com Pascal, o presente artigo pretende demonstrar até que ponto, e por que meios, Nietzsche se debateu com o cristianismo. Como as investigações do autor tinham já demonstrado, Nietzsche ocupou-se durante toda a sua vida com a figura de Jesus, figura esta que nunca deixou tanto de o fascinar como de o irritar. Pascal, por outro lado, tomou como ponto central da sua reflexão a mediação salvifica de Jesus. Deste modo, o confronto dos dois modos de pensar não poderá deixar de contribuir para uma clarificação mútua das duas posições. O artigo projecta uma luz especial tanto sobre a opção moral como não moral dos dois pensadores, os quais justamente na radicalidade do seu pensamento demonstram possuír traços de uma certa similitude, muito embora na prosecucao dos seus objectivos represente cada um mundos diametralmente opostos. – Nietzsche, na realidade, debateu-se intensamente não só com o carácter cristão da pessoa de Pascal, mas também com a sua intensa apologia da fé cristã. Para Nietzsche, o apologeta do cristianismo tornou-se, enquanto tal, vulnerável à tentação de negar o Homem, a Natureza e a História. A sua admirável fé em Cristo, a que igualmente pertencem momentos não-morais, permanece segundo Nietzsche dentro do horizonte da ontologia moral. O artigo mostra, por outras palavras, até que ponto, no final de contas, Pascal antecipou muito mais do que ele próprio foi capaz de ousar compreender. /// An seiner Auseinandersetzung mit Pascal läßt sich studieren, wie sehr und mit welcher Methode Nietzsche sich am Christentum abarbeitete. Da er sich lebenslang mit Jesus befaßte (dazu die Forschungen des Autors U. W.) und sich immer neu auf die Spur seiner faszinierenden wie irritierenden Lebensgestalt begab, da andererseits Pascal zentral die Heilsmittlerschaft Jesu reflektierte, verspricht die Konfrontation beider Denkweisen eine bisher meist unterschätzte Erhellung der einen wie der anderen Position. Ein besonderes Licht fällt dabei auf die moralische bzw. nichtmoralische Option der beiden Denker, die in der Radikalität ihres Denkens verwandte Züge zeigen, zugleich aber in der Durchführung diametral verschiedene Welten repräsentieren. – Nietzsche hat sich sowohl auf die Person Pascals in ihrer Christlichkeit als auch auf seine Apologie des christlichen Glaubens intensiv eingelassen. Der Apologet des Christentums sei durch eben dieses zur Verneinung von Mensch, Natur und Geschichte verfuhrt worden. Sein staunen machender Glaube an Christus, dem auch nichtmoralische Momente eignen, verbleibe im Horizont der moralischen Ontologie. Pascal habe mehr davon geahnt, als er sich selbst einzugestehen wagte. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungIm Gespräch mit der neueren Naturwissenschaft und Naturphilosophie wird ein Weltbegriff erarbeitet, der sowohl theologisch als auch naturphilosophisch verantwortet ist. Notwendige, nicht hinreichende Bedingung, das freie Wirken Gottes in der Welt denken zu können, ist ein offener Weltbegriff. Jedoch hat die Welt, wie an den Problemkreisen Zeit, Naturgesetz und Materie aufgezeigt wird, nicht nur offene Ränder, sondern »offene Dimensionen« im Inneren. Die Zeit hat den indeterminierten Aspekt der unverfügbaren Gegenwart und der offenen Zukunft, den Naturgesetzen eignet wie allen Weltereignissen generelle (...) Kontingenz und die Materiestruktur ist ohne die Annahme von transzendenter »Kreativität« nicht zu verstehen. Gott kann somit als der das kontingente Weltgeschehen von innen wirkende Schöpfer, seine Transzendenz mithin als unverfügbares, räumliches und zeitliches Innen der Welt gedacht werden.SummaryIn dialogue with the natural sciences and with the philosophy of nature, this article expounds an understanding of “world” which is both rooted in theology and philosophy. The author suggests that an open concept of “world” is a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for the possibility of imagining God's free action in the world. Such calls for the localisation of openness within the midst of the world, not just at its fringes. This will be discussed with regard to the laws of nature, and to the problems of time and matter. Due to the unavailable character of the present and of future, the author proposes to understand time as open and undetermined. Accordingly, both the laws of nature and the wordly events can be interpreted as contingent, while the structure of matter cannot be explained without reference to an inner-worldly “transcendent creativity”. The author concludes that God can be understood as a creator who effects all contingent worldly phenomena from within, and suggests to interpret God's transcendence as spatial and temporal inner side of the world. (shrink)

ArgumentWhen Copernicus pointed out that the apparent movement of the sun was in fact the effect of the rotation of the earth, he explained his view by referring to a passage in Virgil's Aeneid. Thus he established the link between science and literature. This topic recurred frequently in both science and literature whenever the question of the relativity of motion arose. In this article, I will focus above all on two authors who took up this question: Ernst Mach and (...) Hugo von Hofmannsthal. Moreover I will try to show the different roles of scientific and literary prose in the works of Mach and in Hofmannsthal's Das Glück am Weg. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungIm Unterschied zum Christentum haben andere Religionen keine der christlichen vergleichbare Theologie entwickelt. Diese ist keine zufällige historische Erscheinung, sondern hat ihren Grund im Wesen des christlichen Glaubens. Bei der Frage, auf die die Theologie die Antwort ist, handelt es sich um das Problem der Hermeneutik bzw. das Verhältnis von Glaube und Verstehen im Christentum. Genauer gesagt geht es um die Geschichtlichkeit des Glaubens wie des Verstehens. Theologische Hermeneutik hat insbesondere das Verhältnis von Glaube und Skepsis zu bestimmen. Sie kann (...) dabei nicht von der Fraglosigkeit der Gottesfrage ausgehen. Vielmehr besteht zwischen der Skepsis moderner Hermeneutik und der Skepsis des Glaubens eine innere Verwandtschaft, insofern sich die Theologie in reformatorischer Tradition kritisch gegenüber den metaphysischen Absolutheitsprädikaten des Einen, Guten, Wahren und Schönen, aber auch gegenüber ihren geschichtsphilosophischen und ethischen Transformationen in der Moderne verhält.SummaryIn contrast to Christianity, other religions have not developed a theology comparable to Christian theology. This is not a mere accident of history since in Christianity theology has its foundation in the character of Christian faith. The question to which theology is the answer is the problem of hermeneutics, or rather, the relationship between faith and understanding in Christianity, more precisely, the historicity of both believing and understanding. One of the foremost tasks of theological hermeneutics is to reflect on the relationship between faith and scepticism. It cannot proceed from the question of God as an unquestionable basis. Rather, it seems that there is an intrinsic relationship between the scepticism of modern hermeneutics and the scepticism of faith, insofar as theology in the tradition of the Reformation maintains a critical attitude towards the metaphysical claims of unity, goodness, truth and beauty as well as their modern transformations in the philosophy of history and in ethics. (shrink)

John von Neumann (1903-1957) was undoubtedly one of the scientific geniuses of the 20th century. The main fields to which he contributed include various disciplines of pure and applied mathematics, mathematical and theoretical physics, logic, theoretical computer science, and computer architecture. Von Neumann was also actively involved in politics and science management and he had a major impact on US government decisions during, and especially after, the Second World War. There exist several popular books on his personality and various collections (...) focusing on his achievements in mathematics, computer science, and economy. Strangely enough, to date no detailed appraisal of his seminal contributions to the mathematical foundations of quantum physics has appeared. Von Neumann's theory of measurement and his critique of hidden variables became the touchstone of most debates in the foundations of quantum mechanics. Today, his name also figures most prominently in the mathematically rigorous branches of contemporary quantum mechanics of large systems and quantum field theory. And finally - as one of his last lectures, published in this volume for the first time, shows - he considered the relation of quantum logic and quantum mechanical probability as his most important problem for the second half of the twentieth century. The present volume embraces both historical and systematic analyses of his methodology of mathematical physics, and of the various aspects of his work in the foundations of quantum physics, such as theory of measurement, quantum logic, and quantum mechanical entropy. The volume is rounded off by previously unpublished letters and lectures documenting von Neumann's thinking about quantum theory after his 1932 Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. The general part of the Yearbook contains papers emerging from the Institute's annual lecture series and reviews of important publications of philosophy of science and its history. (shrink)

Der Laureatus dieser Schrift hatte 1986 Hans Jonas eröffnet, daß er an einer Politischen Philosophie arbeite, aus der, wie die Autoren dieses Bandes wissen, nichts geworden ist und von der man auch sonst nicht viel vernommen hat. Jonas wandte damals ein: "Wie wollen Sie der Politischen Vernunft auf die Beine helfen? Das Wissen über die politischen Bewußtseinsvoraussetzungen in uns und ihre Struktur in Gesellschaften ist in esoterische Teilbestände und exoterische politische Religionen, Ideologien und Denkschulen zerfallen. Diese Angelegenheit müßte einer umfassenden (...) Kritik unterzogen werden. Außerdem müßten alle gescheiterten Restitutionsversuche von Platon bis heute auf ihre Prägnanz hin durchgegangen werden. Er nannte Thomas von Aquin, Spinoza, Kant, Hegel, Arendt, Strauss, Voegelin und sich selbst. Sie müßten die Erfahrungen und die Maßstäbe, aus denen das politische Bewußtsein sich ernährt und aufrichtet und die, die es vergiften, frei legen." Im nachfolgenden Gespräch über verschiedene Denker und ihre Texte zur politischen Philosophie tauchten metaphorisch die "leuchtenden Fünkchen" oder "Goldklümpchen" auf, in denen Jonas und der Laureatus lebendige Reste der Politischen Vernunft und die menschheitliche Erinnerung an sie erkannten. "Wir sind womöglich aus einer Jeremiade herausgekommen …" lautete der verheißungsvolle Schlußpunkt des kurzen Gesprächs. Der Laureatus, Jurist und Politikwissenschaftler, konnte während seiner Lehr- und Forschungstätigkeit einige Anregungen für "philosophische Fragestellungen" zu den grotesken und verflachten Formationen des politischen Denkens unserer Zeit geben. Die Autoren sind Claus-Ekkehard Bärsch, Giandomenico Bonanni, Ulrich Diehl, Michael Ensslen, Jürgen Gebhardt, Volker Gerhardt, Manfred Henningsen, Vittorio Hösle, Klaus Kodalle, Peter König, Daniel Krochmalnik, Jan-Ivar Lindén, Reiner Manstetten, Krzysztof Maurin, Peter J. Opitz, Thomas Petersen, Walter Rothholz, Florian Sattler, Stephan Sattler, Julius H. Schoeps, Peter von Sivers, Chiara Staude-Colli, Jakob Staude, Kurt Stenzel, Peter Weber-Schäfer, Reiner Wiehl und James Wood. (shrink)

Against the background of the creation of an EU-wide frame of reference for private law relevant to the Common Market, this study, which was requested by the EU Commission, analyses the dovetailing between contract and tort law on the one hand, and between contract and property law on the other. The study examines the legal orders of almost all the Member States of the EU, illustrates the differences between contractual and non-contractual liability and evaluates the different systems of the transfer (...) of property, of movable and immovable securities as well as trust law. The study comes to the conclusion that the intensive considerations on the creation of a model-law in the area of European private law do not allow these thoughts to be limited to contract law. Such a limitation to the scope of the regarding of this area would probably cause more problems than it would solve, or at any rate not do justice to the needs of the Common Market. (shrink)

Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff was one of the most prominent German philologists of his time and his work is still well regarded. This book, originally published in 1893, is a detailed analysis of the The Constitution of the Athenians, then usually regarded as a work of Aristotle. Wilamowitz accepts Aristotle's authorship of the famous treatise on the history of the constitution that restored democracy after the oligarchy of the Thirty. In Volume 1, he investigates the historical sources employed by Aristotle, (...) hypothesising that he was using at least two now lost works in addition to Herodotus and Thucydides, and that these were likely to be semi-official, contemporary chronicles of events in the city. (shrink)

Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff was one of the most prominent German philologists of his time and his work is still well regarded. This book, originally published in 1893, is a detailed analysis of the The Constitution of the Athenians, then usually regarded as a work of Aristotle. Wilamowitz accepts Aristotle's authorship of the famous treatise on the history of the constitution that restored democracy after the oligarchy of the Thirty. Volume 1 investigates the historical sources employed by Aristotle, hypothesising that (...) he was using two now lost works in addition to Herodotus and Thucydides, and that these were likely to be chronicles of events in the city. Volume 2 reconstructs Athenian constitutional history on the basis of the work. A number of essays addressing topics on Athenian constitutional history and drawing on such figures as Solon, Peisistratus, Lysias and Isocrates are also included. (shrink)

Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff was one of the most prominent German philologists of his time and his work is still well regarded. This book, originally published in 1893, is a detailed analysis of the The Constitution of the Athenians, then usually regarded as a work of Aristotle. Wilamowitz accepts Aristotle's authorship of the famous treatise on the history of the constitution that restored democracy after the oligarchy of the Thirty. In Volume 1, he investigates the historical sources employed by Aristotle, (...) hypothesising that he was using at least two now lost works in addition to Herodotus and Thucydides, and that these were likely to be semi-official, contemporary chronicles of events in the city. (shrink)

Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff was one of the most prominent German philologists of his time and his work is still well regarded. This book, originally published in 1893, is a detailed analysis of the The Constitution of the Athenians, then usually regarded as a work of Aristotle. Wilamowitz accepts Aristotle's authorship of the famous treatise on the history of the constitution that restored democracy after the oligarchy of the Thirty. Volume 2 reconstructs Athenian constitutional history on the basis of the (...) work. A number of essays addressing topics on Athenian constitutional history and drawing on such figures as Solon, Peisistratus, Lysias and Isocrates are also included. (shrink)

Several reaction time (RT) studies report faster responses when responses to temporal information are arranged in a spatially congruent manner than when this arrangement is incongruent. The resulting space–time congruency effect is commonly attributed to a culturally salient localization of temporal information along a mental timeline (e.g., a mental timeline that runs from left to right). The present study aims to provide a compilation of the published RT studies on this time–space association in order to estimate the size of its (...) effect and the extent of potential publication bias in this field of research. In this meta-analysis, three types of task are distinguished due to hitherto existing empirical findings. These findings suggest that the extent to which time is made relevant to the experimental task has a systematic impact on whether or not the mental timeline is activated. The results of this meta-analysis corroborate these considerations: First, experiments that make time a task-relevant dimension have a mean effect size of d = 0.46. Second, in experiments in which time is task irrelevant, the effect size does not significantly deviate from zero. Third, temporal priming studies have a surprisingly high mean effect size of d = 0.47, which, however, should be adjusted to d = 0.36 due to publication bias. (shrink)

The present contribution argues that transitive reasoning, as exemplified in paradigms of linear order construction in mental space, is associated with spatial effects. Starting from robust findings from the early 70s, research so far has widely discussed the symbolic distance effect. This effect shows that after studying pairs of relations, e.g., “A > B,” “B > C,” and “D > E,” participants are more correct, and faster in correct responding, the wider the “distance” between two elements within the chain A (...) > B > C > D > E. The SDE has often been given spatial interpretations, but alternatively, non-spatial models of the effect are also viable on the empirical basis so far, which means the question about spatial contributions to the construction of analog representations of rank orders is still open. We suggest here that laterality effects can add the necessary additional information to support the idea of spatial processes. We introduce anchoring effects in terms of showing response advantages for congruent versus incongruent pairings of presentation location on a screen on the one hand, and the hypothetical spatial arrangement of the order in mental space, on the other hand. We report pertinent findings and discuss anchoring paradigms with respect to their internal validity as well as their being rooted in basic mechanisms of trained reading/writing direction. (shrink)

People can support abstract reasoning by using mental models with spatial simulations. Such models are employed when people represent elements in terms of ordered dimensions (e.g. who is oldest, Tom, Dick, or Harry). We test and find that the process of forming and using such mental models can influence the liking of its elements (e.g. Tom, Dick, or Harry). The presumed internal structure of such models (linear-transitive array of elements), generates variations in processing ease (fluency) when using the model in (...) working memory (see the Symbolic Distance Effect, SDE). Specifically, processing of pairs where elements have larger distances along the order should be easier compared to pairs with smaller distances. Elements from easier pairs should be liked more than elements from difficult pairs (fluency being hedonically positive). Experiment 1 shows that unfamiliar ideographs are liked more when at wider distances and therefore easier to process. Experiment 2 replicates this effect with non-words. Experiment 3 rules out a non-spatial explanation of the effect while Experiments 4 offers a high-powered replication. Experiment 5 shows that the spatial effect spontaneously emerges after learning, even without a task that explicitly focuses on fluency. Experiment 6 employed a shorter array, but yielded no significant results. (shrink)

Anzeige für das Litterarische Centralblatt, von E. Rohde.--Anzeige in der Norddeutschen Allgemeinen Zeitung vom 26. Mai 1872, von E. Rohde.--Zukunftsphilologie! Von U. von Wilamowitz-Möllendorff.--An Friedrich Nietzsche, von R. Wagner.--Afterphilologie, von E. Rohde.--Zukunftsphilologie! Von U. von Wilamowitz-Möllendorff.

Beiträge zu einer Fachtagung der Universität Ulm 1990, auf der erstmalig israelische und deutsche Psychiater und Juristen über Psychiatrie und Justiz während der nationalsozialistischen Herschaft referierten. Die israelischen Referenten berichten über Entstehung, Manifestation und Behandlung der psychischen Leiden bei den Überlebenden und bei den Tätern der Vernichtungsmaschinerie: u. a. von der nationalsozialistischen Psychiatrie am Beispiel Grafeneck und der Situation in Grafeneck 50 Jahre danach.

Ulrich Beck's best selling Risk Society established risk on the sociological agenda. It brought together a wide range of issues centering on environmental, health and personal risk, provided a rallying ground for researchers and activists in a variety of social movements and acted as a reference point for state and local policies in risk management. The Risk Society and Beyond charts the progress of Beck's ideas and traces their evolution. It demonstrates why the issues raised by Beck reverberate widely (...) throughout social theory and covers the new risks that Beck did not foresee, associated with the emergence of new technologies, genetic and cybernetic. The book is unique because it offers both an introduction to the main arguments in Risk Society and develops a range of critical discussions of aspects of this and other works of Beck. (shrink)